پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 14 (بهار 1388)

Divan Resalat was part of administratiue system (Divansalary) of Khawrazmshahian which consisted the Divans letter, Manshur, Fathnameh and Sogand nameh. The head of divan Resalat was choosen by the king and from among famous court men and famous scientists. Its main responsibility was making diplomatic connectin between diferrent sections of gouermet and other country Rashid – Adin Vatvat was on of the most famous of Divan in this period. He not only did his job very well, but also he could develop the kharzamian scintific and administration system as well. Yaghub Ibn-Shirin Jandi,Baha Al-din Baghdadi and Nasavi were other gteat Dabirs in Kharazmshahid’s. In this work,it’s tried to study Divan Resalat and it’s function in administration system of Kharazm shahids.

Before the advent of constitutionalism, social and economic insecurity, legal instability, abrogation of verdicts passed by Mujtahids, lack of any established laws, possibility of confiscation of wealth, and an intrusion of foreign capital into the country provided discontent for the Iranian merchants’. By this time, the merchants had gained a thorough familiarity with the West through the advocation of theoretical basis of the Western thought by the intellectuals and the newspapers. The merchants participated in the constitutional revolution and took part in the first Majlis in which they tried to pass laws to ensure liberty for all citizens, public participation in the political affairs of the country and government transparency. In this paper it has been tried to examine the Role of merchants in these development based on the available documents.

The horse has been Known as an Arian animals and its name has been mentioned in Avesta and religious books of Hindus, Vedas and Pooranas. Arians believed that the most acceptable sacrifice to the god was horse sacrifice which was known to ancient Iranians and Indians as "Ashwameda". The Iranian historical sources indicate that every month a horse was sacrificed on the grave of Cyrus the Greut the founder of Aehaemenid dynasty. Horse along with the Kassits who conquered Mesopotamia entered that region in the eighteenth century B.C and it was the beginning of an era when the Iranian horse became Famous in that region specially It was considered as an Arabian territory after the fall of the Sasanians. The collapse of the Sasanians and strict orders of Omavid and Abbasid's khalifs that the Iranians were not allowed to ride the horse in the presence of Arabs caused the Iranians not pay attention to horse riding or to breed the horse and it gradually resulted that the Iranian horse was known as Arabian horse. The factor which accelerated this fact was that most of the territories wherein the horses were bred had come under the sokernity of the Arabs.

After the defeat of last resistance, of Sasanid dependent territories by Arabs, Iran became a part of eastern section of caliphate territory. In order to govern the section, at the beginnings, some agents who were plenipotentiaries, were sent there by khalifa. After Taherid era some chang took place in relationship between those governers and khalifa. From taherid period some semi-independent governer took shape which taheryan was one of them. In Yagub leyth period Emyrat of Estekfa chang to Istilae. In this kind of governer ship, the governer got much power and even the could interfere in khalifa appointment or euendismissing them. Since ale Buyid era, the made up a god relationship with caliphate and they recognized caliphate, and vice versa. Those relations improved in Slajugh period, so that khalifa and sultan would compel monetarily. In current research it has been tried to illustrate the relations between Malek shah Seljuk, the gratest Seljuk sultan who got the throne with the assistance khajeh Nezamalmulk, with khalifa almgtdy. Since this the relations have not been mention has not been cited clearly in historical books. I have tried to examine it through other related sources.

Elam civilization geographically includes Southwest area of Iran. This civilization that resisted the recurrently attack during several millenniums was finally destroyed by Assyrian Empire Assur Banipal in 646 BC. In this article an attempt was made to study the effect of religion on Elamite art and culture and people life, based on an archaeological remains and pieces of evidence found in southwest Iran, Elamite teritory. In order to recognize the importance of religion to Elam people and the possible influence of their neighbor countries. first, we study religion in Elam. then in order to understated archaeological remains better, some points will be made about religious ceremonies. Also a number of Elamite main religion centers have been mentioned and some pointes have been made about the impact of Elamite religion on the formation and evolution of arts such as music, sculpture, architecture, base on relief. Finally, it will be evident that religion as an important part of people’s life has had a direct impact on the formation, and development of Elam: culture; that without religion, perhaps Elam civilization would have never progressed so much.

Zubeir ibn Awwam one of the companions of prophet (p.b.u.h) his sons, wives and vassals had quoted prophetic narratives and historical information about the events of early Islamic period. Their historical and traditional advices have been transmitted to next generation it is because they not only are derived from persons who had participated in those events, but also as protectors of the special information of dynasty. They were recognized as one of the resources of traditions and narratives with employing special methods that was current in course of time. Although political and military aspects of Zubair dynasty are more prominent in the history of Islam; but scientific and cultural aspects of this dynasty are also considerable and remarkable which can not to be neglected. In this paper it has been tried to exmine the motine and the reasons that this dynasty have choosen new approach in narrating the early Islamic history traditions.

Ghaznavids during the thirty two years of sultan Mahmouds rule (388- 421A.H) Followed an expansionism policy. Many campain and incursion that conducted under name of Gazveh and Jihad brought them a lot of wealth and trophies. These materials and trophies all together brought them more power and reputation and credibility. Accordingly they were known as largest Islamic empire in the East of Islamic caliphate. One of the most important and wealthy territory in Khorasan which after its conguest provided them more reputation income and wealth was kharzam, that in this time was ruled by Al-mannids this region came under control of ghaznavids in 408 AH. Since the eapture of the province was one of the most important events of Sultan Mahmud Kingdom, this article based on sources that period, it is going to review the political and economic reasons that Mahmud campained againt Kharazm and how he could captured it and what was the result of it.

The fourth century, due to the emergence of important shies Faghihs & motakallmins (lecturers) and the rise of shies government and the decrease of some Abbasid caliphate authority- the worlds lowgest suppter of Sunni is one of the brilliant and bright periods in shies history. befor this period, Sunni religion was the major religion. But in forth century with the emergence of shies states: like Boyid in Iran, Egypt, Yemen zydynid Hamdanid and Alavid in Tabarestan ate. The emergence of shies states and the attempt of shias Ulama are two important and Fundamental Factor in development and expansion of shiism. The role of Faghihs and lecturers in collecting Hadith training students (Talabeh), developing jurisprudence and theology activity against innaveliascands, Fundation of scientific centres and schools, utilization of public facilities for religious purpose all regarded as the main reason for development of shiessm in this period.